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Power lead-acid batteries are secondary batteries widely used in vehicles, industrial equipment and energy storage systems. Their core is to achieve charging and discharging through the electrochemical reaction between lead and lead dioxide. The following is a brief introduction to its key features and application scenarios:

1. Basic Structure and principle

Electrode materials: The negative electrode adopts spongy lead (Pb), the positive electrode is lead dioxide (PbO₂), and the electrolyte is dilute sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄).

Reaction principle: During discharge, lead and lead dioxide are converted into lead sulfate (PbSO₄), and during charging, the reverse reaction is carried out to restore the active substances.

Voltage characteristics: The nominal voltage of a single cell is 2V, and it is usually used in series to form a 12V or 24V battery pack.

2. Main Types

Rich liquid type (open type) : It requires regular maintenance and water replenishment, but has a low cost and is often used in industrial scenarios.

Valve-regulated (VRLA) type: Sealed design, available in AGM (glass fiber partition) and gel types. Maintenance-free and leak-proof, it is widely used in electric vehicles and UPS power supplies.

3. Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages: Low cost, mature technology, and strong high-rate discharge capacity (suitable for starting current requirements).

Limitations: Low energy density (30-50Wh/kg), short cycle life (300-500 times), and there is a risk of lead pollution.

4. Typical Applications

In the automotive field: fuel vehicle starting batteries (SLI), low-speed electric vehicles (such as forklifts, golf carts).

Energy storage and backup power supply: solar energy storage, communication base stations, emergency lighting systems.

5. Environmental Protection and Trends

Recovery system: The lead recovery rate exceeds 95%, but it needs to be processed in a standardized manner to avoid acid contamination.

Alternative technologies: Gradually being replaced by lithium batteries (such as lithium iron phosphate), but still having an advantage in low-cost scenarios.

At present, power lead-acid batteries remain irreplaceable in fields with high reliability requirements and cost sensitivity, but they are facing the challenges of upgrading energy density and environmental performance.